幹貨 | 高(gāo)考英語語法中必考的(de)18個(gè)重難點
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新學期已經開(kāi)始,今天爲大(dà)家整理(lǐ)的(de)是高(gāo)考英語語法中必考的(de)18個(gè)重難點,都(dōu)是精華内容,看起來吧(ba)!
主謂一緻常考難題
2、如(rú)果主語用(yòng)a kind of , a pair of , a series of等加名詞構成時, 謂語動詞一般用(yòng)單數形式。例如(rú):A pair of shoes was on the desk.
3、并列主語如(rú)果指的(de)是同一個(gè)人(rén)、同一事物(wù)或同一概念時, 謂語動詞用(yòng)單數形式, 這時and後面的(de)名詞沒有(yǒu)冠詞。例如(rú): Truth and honesty is the best policy.
4、當主語後面跟有(yǒu)as well as, as much as , no less than, along with, with, like, rather than, together with, but, except, besides, including, in addition to等引導的(de)詞組時, 其謂語動詞的(de)單、複數按主語的(de)單、複數而定。例如(rú): The teacher as well as the students was excited.
5、A (great) number of修飾可(kě)數複數名詞, 謂語動詞用(yòng)複數; a great deal of, a large amount of 修飾不可(kě)數名詞, 其短語作主語時, 謂語動詞用(yòng)單數。
6、關系代詞who, that, which等在定語從句中作主語時, 其謂語動詞的(de)數應與句中先行(xíng)詞的(de)數一緻。例如(rú):Those who want to go please sign your names here.
7、季節、月(yuè)份、星期、節日、假日、一日三餐、學科名稱,球類、棋類名詞名稱前一般不加冠詞。 1/2 one(a) half 1/4 one(a) quarter
形容詞的(de)順序
1、限定詞+數量形容詞(序數詞在前,基數詞在後)+性狀形容詞+大(dà)小(xiǎo)、長短、高(gāo)低等形體+新舊+顔色+國藉+材料
2、某些以a-開(kāi)首的(de)形容詞例如(rú):afraid,alike,alone,asleep,awake, alive 等隻能(néng)作表語,不能(néng)作定語。
3、某些以-ly結尾的(de)詞是形容詞而不是副詞:friendly,lively, lovely,lonely,likely,deadly,silly,orderly, timely等。
1)close接近地(dì) closely仔細地(dì),密切地(dì)
2)free 免費地(dì) freely自由地(dì),無拘束地(dì)
3)hard努力地(dì) hardly幾乎不
4)late 晚,遲 lately 近來
5)most 極,非常 mostly主要地(dì)
6)wide廣闊地(dì),充分(fēn)地(dì) widely廣泛地(dì)
7)high高(gāo) highly高(gāo)度地(dì),非常地(dì)
8)deep深,遲 deeply抽象意義的(de)“深”
9)loud大(dà)聲地(dì) loudly大(dà)聲地(dì)(含有(yǒu)喧鬧的(de)意思)
10)near鄰近 nearly幾乎
比較級,最高(gāo)級
1、表示一方不及另一方時,用(yòng)“less+原級+than”的(de)結構表示:This room is less beautiful than that one.
2、表示一方超過另一方的(de)程度或數量時,可(kě)在比較級前加表示程度的(de)狀語,如(rú):even,a lot,a bit,a little,still,much,far, yet, by far等修飾,例如(rú):He works even harder than before.
3、by far 通常用(yòng)于強調最高(gāo)級。用(yòng)于比較級時,一般放(fàng)在比較級的(de)後面, 如(rú)放(fàng)在前面,應在二者中間加“the”。例如(rú):He is taller by far than his brother.
4、某些以-or結尾的(de)形容詞進行(xíng)比較時,用(yòng)to代替than。superior,junior,senior等。例如(rú):He is superior to Mr. Wang in mathematics.
5、在比較從句中爲了避免重複通常用(yòng)that(Those),one(ones)代替前面出現的(de)名詞。that指物(wù),one既可(kě)指人(rén),也(yě)可(kě)指物(wù)。that可(kě)代替可(kě)數名詞單數和(hé)不可(kě)數名詞,而one隻能(néng)代替可(kě)數名詞。例如(rú):The book on the table is more interesting than that on the desk.
6、表示倍數的(de)比較級有(yǒu)如(rú)下幾種句型:A is three (four, etc.) times the size (height, length, width, etc) of B. 例如(rú):The new building is four times the size (the height) of the old one. 這座新樓是那座舊樓的(de)四倍大(dà)(四倍高(gāo))。[高(gāo)三倍]A is three (four, etc.) times as big (high, long, wide, etc.) as B. 例如(rú):Asia is four times as large as Europe.亞洲是歐洲的(de)四倍大(dà)。A is three (four, etc.) times bigger (higher, longer, wider) than B. 例如(rú):Your school is three times bigger than ours. 你(nǐ)們的(de)學校(xiào)比我們的(de)學校(xiào)大(dà)三倍。表示兩倍可(kě)以用(yòng) twice 或 double。
7、表示“最高(gāo)程度”的(de)形容詞,如(rú)excellent,extreme,perfect等,沒有(yǒu)最高(gāo)級,也(yě)不能(néng)用(yòng)比較級。
so, such
1、如(rú)果複數名詞前有(yǒu)many、few,不可(kě)數名詞前有(yǒu)much、little等表示量的(de)形容詞時,該用(yòng)so而不用(yòng)such。如(rú):I've had so many falls that I'm black and blue all over.
2、當little不表示數量而表示“小(xiǎo)”的(de)意思時,仍用(yòng)such。如(rú):They are such little children that the they cannot clean the house by themselves.
almost與nearly
1、在very, pretty, not後用(yòng)nearly, 不用(yòng)almost。例如(rú): I'm not nearly ready.2、在any, no, none, never前用(yòng)almost, 不用(yòng)nearly。例如(rú): I almost never see her.
情态動詞
1、need 表示“需要”或“必須”,作情态動詞時,僅用(yòng)于否定句或疑問句中。在肯定句中一般用(yòng)must, have to, ought to或should 代替。例如(rú):Need I finish the work today? --Yes, you must.注意:needn't have done“表示本來不必做某事而實際上(shàng)做了某事”。例如(rú):You needn't have waited for me.
2、“should have done”表示應該做到(dào)而實際上(shàng)沒有(yǒu)做到(dào)。例如(rú):You should have started earlier.你(nǐ)應該早點開(kāi)始。
3、“ought to have done”表示過去應做某事而實際未做。例如(rú):You ought to have helped him (but you didn't) 。那時你(nǐ)應該幫他(tā)的(de)(但(dàn)是你(nǐ)沒有(yǒu))。
4、書(shū)報的(de)标題,小(xiǎo)說等情節介紹常用(yòng)一般現在時。
5、表示感覺,願望和(hé)狀态的(de)某些動詞如(rú)have, be, hear, see, like等詞一般不用(yòng)進行(xíng)時。
主動結構表被動
有(yǒu)些動詞形式上(shàng)是主動結構,但(dàn)表示被動的(de)意思。常見的(de)有(yǒu)可(kě)和(hé) well, easily 等副詞連用(yòng)的(de)不及物(wù)動詞sell, wash, write, read, clean, cook等。例如(rú):The cloth washes well.這布很經洗。
虛拟語氣的(de)結構“(should)+動詞原形
1、在動詞 arrange, command, demand, desire, insist, order, propose, request, require, suggest等後面的(de)賓語從句中用(yòng)“(should)+ 動詞原形”(虛拟語氣)例如(rú):We suggested that we (should) have a meeting.
2、作advice, idea, order, demand, plan, proposal, suggestion, request等名詞的(de)表語從句和(hé)同位語從句,其謂語動詞要用(yòng)虛拟語氣的(de)結構“(should)+動詞原形”。例如(rú):We all agreed to his suggestion that we(should) go to Beijing for sightseeing.
+to
1、在feel, hear, notice, observe, see, watch, have, let, make等詞後的(de)補足語中,不定式不帶to。但(dàn)是這些句子如(rú)果變成被動結構時,就必須帶to。例如(rú):He is often heard to sing the song.
2、不定式動詞在介詞but, except, besides後面時,如(rú)果這些介詞之前有(yǒu)行(xíng)爲動詞do的(de)各種形式,那麽,這些介詞後的(de)不定式不帶to,否則要帶to.例如(rú):-What do you like to do besides swim?-I have no choice but to go.
作定語的(de)不定式如(rú)果是不及物(wù)動詞,或者不定式所修飾的(de)名詞或代詞是不定式動作的(de)地(dì)點、工(gōng)具等,不定式後面須有(yǒu)相(xiàng)應的(de)介詞。
1、There / It is no use/ good/ not any use/ good/ useless doing sth.例如(rú):He is looking for a room to live in.2、動詞後可(kě)以用(yòng)動名詞作賓語,但(dàn)不能(néng)用(yòng)不定式:admit, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, enjoy, escape, excuse, feel like, finish, forgive, give up, imagine, include, keep, mention, mind, miss, practice, put off, resist, risk, suggest, can't help, can't stand(無法忍受)等。例如(rú):I tried not to go there. (我設法不去那裏。)I tried doing it again. (我試著(zhe)又(yòu)幹了一次。)
3、mean to do 有(yǒu)意... mean doing意味著(zhe)...I mean to come early today. (我打算今天早些來。)Missing the train means waiting for another hour. (誤了這趟火(huǒ)車(chē)意味著(zhe)再等一個(gè)小(xiǎo)時。)
動詞need, require, want作“需要”解,其後跟動詞作它的(de)賓語時,若表示的(de)含義是被動的(de),必須用(yòng)動名詞,或不定式的(de)被動式。
例如(rú): The window needs(requires, wants)cleaning(to be cleaned).
在短語devote to, look forward to, pay attention to, stick to, be used to, object to, thank you for, excuse me for 等後的(de)動詞也(yě)必須用(yòng)動名詞形式,例如(rú):I look forward to hearing from you soon.Badly polluted, the water cannot be drunk. (原因)Being written in haste, the composition is full of mistakes. (原因,強調寫的(de)過程,故應用(yòng)現在分(fēn)詞一般被動式)Having been deserted by his guide, he couldn't find his way through the jungle.(爲了強調已完成的(de)動作)Asked to stay, I couldn't very well refuse.這裏 asked 可(kě)能(néng)意味著(zhe) having been asked, 也(yě)可(kě)能(néng)意味著(zhe)when/since I was asked, 但(dàn)用(yòng)了 having been asked 就不會(huì)有(yǒu)歧義。
下面句中過去分(fēn)詞表示的(de)時間與謂語動詞所表示的(de)時間相(xiàng)同,所以不能(néng)代之以強調先于謂語動詞的(de)現在分(fēn)詞完成被動式。例如(rú): Covered with confusion, I left the room.我很窘地(dì)離(lí)開(kāi)了房間。 United, we stand; divided, we fall. 團結則存,分(fēn)裂則亡。 He used to live in London, use(d)n't he /didn't he?There used to be a cinema here before the war, use(d)n't there /didn't there?Such things ought not to be allowed, ought they? He ought to be punished, oughtn't he?但(dàn)在正式文(wén)體中,用(yòng)ought we not形式。例如(rú):We ought to go, ought we not?或We ought to go ,should we not?
含有(yǒu)情态動詞must的(de)句子表示推則,作“想必”解時,疑問部分(fēn)不可(kě)用(yòng)mustn't
1、若前句強調對現在情況的(de)推測,疑問部分(fēn)用(yòng)aren't(isn't)十主語,例如(rú):You must be tired,aren't you?2、若陳述部分(fēn)的(de)must表示“有(yǒu)必要”時,附加疑問句部分(fēn)則用(yòng)needn't。例如(rú):You must go home right now, needn't you?
3、當mustn't 表示禁止時,附加疑問部分(fēn)一般用(yòng)must。如(rú): You mustn't walk on grass, must you?
4、前句謂語動詞是must have+過去分(fēn)詞時,若前句強調對過去情況的(de)推測(一般有(yǒu)過去時間狀語),疑問部分(fēn)的(de)謂語動詞用(yòng)didn't+主語;若前句強調動作的(de)完成,疑問部分(fēn)的(de)謂語動詞用(yòng)haven't(hasn't)+主語, 例如(rú): He must have met her yesterday, didn't he?
5、陳述句謂語部分(fēn)出現否定詞綴時(前綴或後綴),疑問部分(fēn)仍用(yòng)否定結構。例如(rú):He is unfit for his office, isn't he?
6、如(rú)果陳述部分(fēn)包含有(yǒu)no, never, hardly, seldom, few, little, nowhere, nothing等否定或半否定詞時,疑問部分(fēn)用(yòng)肯定形式。例如(rú):He is hardly 14 years old, is he?
7、如(rú)果陳述部分(fēn)的(de)主語爲everyone, someone, no one等不定代詞,其疑問部分(fēn)的(de)主語可(kě)用(yòng)he,也(yě)可(kě)用(yòng)they。 例如(rú):Everyone knows his job, doesn't he?Let's go there, shall we? Let us go there, will you?
同位語從句跟在名詞後面,進一步說明(míng)該名詞的(de)具體内容。
引導同位語從句的(de)名詞主要有(yǒu)fact, news, promise, idea, truth等。連接詞用(yòng)that (不用(yòng)which)及連接副詞how, when, where, why等。例如(rú):His delay is due to the fact that the car went wrong halfway.She asked the reason why there was a delay.
關聯詞隻能(néng)用(yòng)whether不能(néng)用(yòng)if表示“是否”的(de)情況如(rú)下:
1、在表語從句和(hé)同位語從句中。例如(rú):The question is whether the film is worth seeing.The news whether our team has won the match is unknown.2、在主語從句中,隻有(yǒu)用(yòng)it作形式主語時,whether和(hé)if都(dōu)能(néng)引導主語從句,否則,也(yě)隻能(néng)用(yòng)whether。例如(rú):Whether we shall attend the meeting hasn't been decided yet. It hasn't been decided whether(if)we shall attend the meeting.
3、在介詞之後。(介詞往往可(kě)以省略)例如(rú):It all depends (on) whether they will support us.
4、後面直接跟動詞不定式時。例如(rú):He doesn't know whether to stay or not.
5、後面緊接or not 時。例如(rú):We didn't know whether or not she was ready.
6、引導讓步狀語從句,隻能(néng)用(yòng)whether。例如(rú):Whether you like it or not, you must do it well.
7、用(yòng)if會(huì)引起歧義時。例如(rú):Please let me know if you like it. 該句有(yǒu)兩個(gè)意思:“請告訴我你(nǐ)是否喜歡”。或“如(rú)果你(nǐ)喜歡,請告訴我。”用(yòng)了whether就可(kě)以避免。
在下面幾種情況下必須用(yòng)“that”引導定語從句:
1、先行(xíng)詞是不定代詞:all, few, little, much, something, nothing, anything等。例如(rú):All that we have to do is to practice every day.2、先行(xíng)詞被序數詞或形容詞最高(gāo)級所修飾。例如(rú):The first lesson that I learned will never be forgotten.
3、先行(xíng)詞被all, any, every, each, few, little, no, some, 等修飾。例如(rú):I have read all the book (that) you gave me.
4、先行(xíng)詞被 the only, the very, the same, the last 修飾時。 例如(rú):He is the only person that I want to talk to.
5、先行(xíng)詞既有(yǒu)人(rén)又(yòu)有(yǒu)物(wù)時。例如(rú):They talked of things and persons that they remembered in the school.
先行(xíng)詞是表示地(dì)點時,要根據從句的(de)謂語動詞是及物(wù)的(de)還是不及物(wù)的(de)。
1、如(rú)果是及物(wù)的(de)就用(yòng)that(which),否則用(yòng)where。例如(rú):This is the house where he lived last year.2、用(yòng)no sooner…than和(hé)hardly…when引導的(de)從句表示“剛……就……”。
倒 裝
1、主句中的(de)動詞一般用(yòng)過去完成時,從句用(yòng)過去時;而且主句一般倒裝,把助動詞had提到(dào)前面。例如(rú):Hardly had I entered the room when I heard a loud noise.
2、代詞作主語時,主謂語序不變。例如(rú):Here it is. Here he comes.
3、當句首狀語爲表示地(dì)點的(de)介詞詞組時也(yě)常常引起全部倒裝。例如(rú):South of the city lies a big steel factory. From the valley came a frightening sound.
4、表語置于句首時,倒裝結構爲“表語+連系動詞+主語”。例如(rú):Present at the meeting were Professor White, Professor Smith and many other guests.
5、部分(fēn)倒裝A)用(yòng)于省略if的(de)虛拟條件(jiàn)狀語從句。例如(rú):Had you reviewed your lessons, you might have passed the examination.B)用(yòng)于“形容詞(或名詞、動詞)+as(though)引導的(de)讓步狀語從句中。例如(rú):Pretty as she is ,she is not clever. Try as he would, he might fail again.C)如(rú)果從句的(de)表語是名詞,其名詞前不加任何冠詞。例如(rú):Child as he was, he had to make a living.D)用(yòng)于no sooner…than…,hardly…when和(hé)not until的(de)句型中。例如(rú):Not until the teacher came did he finish his homework.E)用(yòng)于never, hardly, seldom, scarcely, barely, little, often, at no time, not only, not once等詞開(kāi)頭的(de)句子。 例如(rú):Never shall I do this again.Little did he know who the woman was.F)用(yòng)于以only開(kāi)頭的(de)句子(only修飾副詞,介詞短語或狀語從句時)。例如(rú):Only this afternoon did I finish the novel.Only when he told me did I realize what trouble he was in.G)如(rú)果only後面的(de)詞組不是狀語,則不用(yòng)倒裝。 例如(rú):Only Wang Ling knows this.H)用(yòng)于某些表示祝願的(de)句子。例如(rú):May you succeed! 祝你(nǐ)成功!
特殊的(de)名詞複數
stomach-stomachs,a German-three Germans,an American-two Americans,man cook - men cooks;papers 報紙(zhǐ), 文(wén)件(jiàn)manners禮貌drinks飲料in a word 簡言之in other words 換句話(huà)說have words with 與某人(rén)吵嘴have a few words (a word) with sb.與某人(rén)說幾句話(huà)某些集體名詞, 如(rú)people, police, cattle等, 隻當複數看待, 謂語動詞必須用(yòng)複數。例如(rú):The police are searching for him.
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